Russia’s Shadow War and Putin’s Forever War

In this paper, we discuss:

• Russia’s reliance on grey-zone warfare to sustain a low-cost, open-ended conflict with NATO;
• Sabotage and cyber operations designed to remain below the threshold of formal retaliation;
• Europe’s limited response options, constrained by attribution problems and legal thresholds;
• A shift toward deterrence-by-denial, prioritising resilience over escalation. 

Download PDF: Russia’s Shadow War