From Riyadh to Kabul: Pakistan’s Western Security Dilemma

In this paper, we discuss:

• Pakistan’s strategic dilemma between Afghanistan, Iran, and Saudi Arabia;

• Efforts to balance relations with global partners while managing domestic constraints;

• Rising regional instability and its impact on China’s interests and influence;

• Ongoing tensions with the Taliban and challenges to securing Afghanistan;

• A broader crisis in Pakistan’s foreign policy as multi-front pressures intensify.

Download PDF: Riyadh and Kabul – March 2026