The Hormuz Tollbooth: How the Flawed Islamabad Agreement Led Back to Gulf Warfare

In this paper, we discuss:

• Why the collapse of the Islamabad Agreement reignited military conflict in the Strait of Hormuz;
• How competing interpretations of maritime control and transit fees undermined the ceasefire between the US and Iran;
• Why control of the Strait of Hormuz has become a central geopolitical and economic battleground;
• How renewed hostilities threaten global energy markets, shipping costs, and freedom of navigation;
• Why the dispute over Hormuz is likely to remain a major source of regional instability.

Download PDF: Hormuz Tollbooth – August 2026